Offering bold new ways of conceiving the present, Lauren Berlant describes the cruel optimism that has prevailed since the 1980s, as the social-democratic promise of the postwar period in the United States and Europe has retracted. One might point out that all objects/scenes of desire.A relation of cruel optimism exists when something you desire is actually an obstacle to your flourishing. Often this fear of loss of a scene of optimism as such is unstated and only experienced in a sudden incapacity to manage startling situations, as we will see below. (2) But if the cruelty of an attachment is experienced by someone/some group, even in disavowed fashion, the fear is that the loss of the object/scene of promising itself will defeat the capacity to have any hope about anything. One more thing: the cruelty of an optimistic attachment is, I think, usually something an analyst observes about someone's or some group's attachment to x, since usually that attachment exists without being an event, or even better, seems to lighten the load for someone/some group. Cruel optimism is the condition of maintaining an attachment to a problematic object. This phrase points to a condition different than that of melancholia, which is enacted in the subject's desire to temporise an experience of the loss of an object/scene with which she has identified her ego continuity. What's cruel about these attachments, and not merely inconvenient or tragic, is that the subjects who have x in their lives might not well endure the loss of their object or scene of desire, even though its presence threatens their well-being, because whatever the content of the attachment is, the continuity of the form of it provides something of the continuity of the subject's sense of what it means to keep on living on and to look forward to being in the world. 'Cruel optimism' names a relation of attachment to compromised conditions of possibility whose realisation is discovered either to be impossible, sheer fantasy, or too possible, and toxic. In optimism, the subject leans toward promises contained within the present moment of the encounter with their object. But the surrender to the return to the scene where the object hovers in its potentialities is the operation of optimism as an affective form. That does not mean that they all feel optimistic: one might dread, for example, returning to a scene of hunger or longing or the slapstick reiteration of a lover or parent's typical misrecognition. In other words, all attachments are optimistic. To phrase 'the object of desire' as a cluster of promises is to allow us to encounter what's incoherent or enigmatic in our attachments, not as confirmation of our irrationality but as an explanation for our sense of our endurance in the object, insofar as proximity to the object means proximity to the cluster of things that the object promises, some of which may be clear to us while others not so much. This cluster of promises could be embedded in a person, a thing, an institution, a text, a norm, a bunch of cells, smells, a good idea-whatever. When we talk about an object of desire, we are really talking about a cluster of promises we want someone or something to make to us and make possible for us.
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This is no surprise – producer surplus is just our earnings before we subtract the fixed costs! When There’s Losses What is the difference between profits and producer surplus? Calculating $360 – $210, we find our fixed cost value of $150. Note that our AVC and ATC are always calculated from the quantity where MC = P, as this is the profit maximizing quantity. Figure 7.2dĬalculating producer surplus, with PS = (P – AVC) × Q, we find Π = (7.5 – 4.23) x 110 = $360. Using marginal analysis, we will produce until MC = P, or where our price line intersects our marginal cost. Consider a market where The Clip Joint faces a price of $7.5. Let’s bring this understanding to our graph. Since fixed costs do not change, the ∆PS = ∆Π and the analysis of ∆ Π >∆VC will be identical. Our marginal analysis tells us to increase production if ∆PS >∆VC (MB>MC). Even though profits and producer surplus are not the same, the act of maximizing PS maximizes profits as well. The only difference between PS and profit is fixed cost. Marginal analysis certainly maximizes producer surplus, but what about profits? Recall that producer surplus does not subtract fixed cost. This means that P = MR = MB. Knowing that a firm maximizes producer surplus when MC = MB, we can now see that for a competitive firm, this occurs when P = MC. If price is $7, then every Q will earn the firm $7 of revenue. In this case, our price is our marginal benefit, since the price the firm receives is equal to the marginal revenue from an action. If MB > MC, they will increase Q, and stop when MB = MC. In Topic 1, we learned that economic agents use marginal analysis to make decisions about whether to increase a behaviour. A market price will dictate where they produce. If The Clip Joint is operating in a city with many other identical barber shops, they will lose their ability to set prices. While we will use producer theory for non-competitive markets, for now, we are looking at price-taking firms. Remember that fixed cost is always equal to $150 regardless of quantity, but AFC is always decreasing, as this $150 gets spread out across more goods. Now, without knowing fixed cost, we can work backwards from our diagram to calculate total fixed cost at any Q.Ĭalculating FC at any other point, we will find that it is always equal to $150. Remember that we derived ATC using fixed costs. Calculating fixed cost, we see it equals $150, as stated in Topic 7.1. Figure 7.2aĪt Q = 50, our ATC = $7 and AVC = $4. Since FC = (AFC x Q), on our graph, we can find what total fixed costs are by simply multiplying the difference in AVC and ATC by the quantity at that level. In Topic 7.1, we showed that ATC = AVC + AFC. First, let’s see the different variables we can calculate from our graph. Now that we have built our model for Producer Theory, we want to use it as a tool to understand how individual firms behave when faced with different prices. Be able to identify break-even and shut-down points.Identify when firms will exit in the short-run. Calculate fixed costs, producer theory, and profits.In fact, the average total cost curve is the vertical summation of average variable cost curve and average fixed cost curve.By the end of this section, you will be able to: ATC ultimately starts climbing when the average variable cost curve starts to slope up. But the effect of this reduction progressively fades away because the marginal unit results in smaller and smaller reduction in average fixed cost. It falls because as the output increase, the fixed cost is spread over more and more units. It is evident from the graph above that the average total cost curve initially falls, bottoms out around 18 units and then rises. We have also plotted average fixed cost and average variable cost curves so we can see what is ultimately driving the average total cost curve. Plotting this function, we get the average total cost curve. We can write the following equation to express the relationship between total cost (TC), variable costs (VC) and fixed costs (FC): In the short-run, labor is variable cost and capital is fixed but in the long-run, all costs are variables. Whether amount spent on an input is a variable cost or fixed cost depends on whether we are talking about short-run or long-run. Fixed costs, on the other hand, do not change with change in output. Variable costs are costs which vary with change in output level. it decreases, bottoms out and then rises.Ī firm’s total cost is the sum of its variable costs and fixed costs. Average total cost curve is typically U-shaped i.e. In economics, average total cost (ATC) equals total fixed and variable costs divided by total units produced. 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Physical activity can also benefit those who have MSK conditions. Physical activity is as good or better than treatment with drugs for many conditions, such as type 2 diabetes and lower back pain, and has a much lower risk of any harm. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) and asthma.mental health conditions including depression and anxiety.cardiovascular diseases ( CVD) including coronary heart disease and stroke.There is also evidence that it can help to prevent some and manage many common chronic conditions and diseases, many of which are on the rise and affecting people at an earlier age, such as: Regular physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of a range of diseases including some cancers and dementia. Zoe Williams - NHS GP and PHE Physical Activity Clinical Champion Full Interview Figures for different health risks cannot be compared as they come from different studies.ĭr. The 2019 guidelines utilised the latest evidence from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses comprising hundreds of epidemiological studies with several million study participants comparing active and low activity people. Since the 2011 physical activity guidelines were published, the evidence to support the health benefits of regular physical activity for all groups has become increasingly compelling. One in 3 of the working age population have at least one long term condition and 1 in 7 have more than one. In England, 15 million people are living with one or more long-term health conditions. There have been notable developments in the evidence base for the health effects of sedentary time in adults, with research suggesting sitting time is associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cancer risk and post-treatment outcomes (including quality of life and prognosis). There are 3 elements of the physical activity guidelines:įor sedentary time, the guidelines state that: adults should aim to minimise the amount of time spent being sedentary, and when physically possible should break up long periods of inactivity with at least light physical activity. Any activity is better than none, and more is better still.Ĭhristopher Whitty - Chief Medical Officer full interview The guidelines state that for good physical and mental health, adults should aim to be physically active every day. It also draws on new evidence to develop additional guidance on being active during pregnancy and after giving birth, and for disabled adults. The updated UK CMOs’ physical activity guidelines refreshed the 2011 guidelines across all age groups. reducing inequalities for people with long-term conditions.developing and maintaining physical and mental function and independence.reducing the risk of many long-term conditions.Regular physical activity provides a range of physical and mental health, and social benefits, many of which are increasing issues for individuals, communities and society. “If physical activity were a drug, we would refer to it as a miracle cure, due to the great many illnesses it can prevent and help treat.” In the new UK Chief Medical Officers’ ( CMOs) physical activity guidelines launched in September 2019, the CMOs reiterated a clear message about physical activity: It also helps keep symptoms under control, prevent additional conditions from developing, and reduce inequalities. However, evidence shows that regular physical activity can help prevent or manage many common conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. One in 3 adults in England live with a long-term health condition and they are twice as likely to be amongst the least physically active. It also sets out the ambition of getting everybody active in the 2020s, including those of us who are already living with a health condition. The government’s prevention green paper highlights that becoming more active is good for our mental and physical health, and reduces our risk of developing a number of health conditions. This edition of Health Matters focuses on the benefit of physical activity for the prevention and management of long-term conditions in adults. Your job is to feed the hungry T-Rex by reading the silly questions and answering 'Yes' or 'No'. Read sight words and then type them in the box. With exciting puzzles, fast-paced challenges, and colorfully animated characters, these educator-created sight words games make it a breeze for your student to build their vocabulary, practice identifying written words quickly, and grow foundational reading skills. SEE MOREīeing able to recognize words automatically makes learning to read a much easier process, and these sight words games help your beginner reader do just that. We hope that you will find our Sight Words materials helpful and easy to use! You will find a treasure trove of free fun games, videos and printables. Sight Word Games, Printables, and Videos. Get four words correct vertically, horizontally or diagonally to get BINGO and win! SEE MOREĩ. Listen to the word the BINGO bug speaks and click on the corresponding sight word on the screen. (Make a match, color words, and missing letters) The top card will have a printed word and the bottom card a spoken word (you will need speakers or headphones). SEE MOREĬlick to turn over one card on the top row and one on the bottom row. Select a lesson and fill in the missing word. Crossword Puzzles Using Dolch Sight Words. Online game that features many of the first 100 sight words young readers are required to master SEE MOREģ. "I love this site and recommend it to all professionals that ask for computer sites.Click on the cloud that shows the correct word. These activities are often supplemented by interactive games that involve flashcards and computer software.Ĭlearly, exercises and games like the ones presented on this website can be most valuable when used as a part of a comprehensive reading education program that employs a variety of materials and activities. For example, there are numerous group activities that help in teaching Dolch Word List in elementary school setting. Repetition and practice are very important in making Sight Words recognition automatic. Having the ability to recognize these words can dramatically increase confidence and improve reading proficiency of the beginning reader.īecause complete fluency with Sight Words is the foundation of literacy, a variety of techniques are used to teach them to children. "if", "soon", "but", etc.).Įven though it may take a considerable effort for children to learn the entire Dolch Word List, it is well worth it. Secondly, quite a few of them cannot be taught through pictures (e.g. Firstly, phonetic analysis can't be applied to many of these words. There are two additional reasons why it is important to give Sight Words an extra priority. One of the most important goals in teaching young students to read is making sure they are completely proficient with Sight Words. In many schools students are expected to be able to read simple material by the end of the second grade. Conversely, children who learn to read in the early grades acquire one of the most basic skills needed to continue their education and be fully-functional as adults. Children with reading difficulties will undoubtedly have trouble mastering nearly all school subjects even if they are motivated to study. It is virtually impossible for a person to live a productive life in our society without being functionally literate. Reading is one of the most critical skills taught at school. If they require further assistance or if the evaluating office is not listed in the notes below. Your local or Regional OI&T office and contact the appropriate evaluation officeĭisplayed in the notes below the decision matrix. If a customer would like to use this technology, please work with Use of this technology is strictly controlled and not availableįor use within the general population. 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For more information on the use of cloud services and cloud-based products within VA, including VA private clouds, please see the Enterprise Cloud Solutions Office (ECSO) Portal at: Cloud services provided by the VAEC, which are listed in the VAEC Service Catalog, and those controlled and managed by an external Cloud Service Provider (i.e. This includes technologies deployed as software installations on VMs within VA-controlled cloud environments (e.g. The TRM decisions in this entry only apply to technologies and versions owned, operated, managed, patched, and version-controlled by VA. Please note that the implementation of mobile technology applications that operate on Mobile Operating Systems must be reviewed and approved by the Mobile Technology and Endpoint Security Engineering Team: This entry covers the Desktop Edition of this technology and not any mobile versions. The software allows users to construct, navigate, and share knowledge models represented as concept maps. 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